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Detail: Bishops  Wars,    
1. First ~ (1639). Brief war between the Scots and English king Charles I prior to the English Civil Wars (1642-48). Charles` s attempt (1637) to force the English liturgy on the Presbyterian Scots resulted in the Solemn League and Covenant (1638) and the seizure of Edinburgh castle (1639). The war was ended much without actual fighting by the Peace of Berwick (1639), in which Charles made concessions to the Scots. 

2. Second ~ (1640). Brief war between the Scots and English king Charles I just prior to the English Civil Wars (1642-48). The Presbyterian Scots reaffirmed the covenant and, amid the crisis caused by the Short Parliament in England, the Scots invaded northern England (1640). Following their victory at Newburn on the Tyne (Aug. 28), they occupied Northumberland and Durham. By the Treaty of Ripon (Oct. 26), Charles agreed to make cash payments to sustain the Scottish army. This, however, necessitated calling the Long Parliament (1640), which in turn led to the civil war.